Is there anything you need that you cannot find on the web? Just try typing anything in the search box. There will always be answers to your queries. If it displays the wrong answers or if the results come in general terms, try refining your search keywords and you?ll eventually end up happy with what you will get. From needles and pins to jets and spaceships, the internet has them all.
Working on a school assignment or project and you come to a dead end? The internet will keep you moving again in a minute. Keywords may even be longish phrases or excerpts from published speeches. Even those made during the World War II years will instantly pop up to your satisfaction. Plays, poems and stories are available in e-book form or a hardbound copy may be ordered online.
Have you ever wondered how it will be like if we suddenly lose the internet? Even just losing the major websites that we use for our researches such as Wikipedia will definitely slow us down. Sure, physical libraries and similar data archives will be there to take over but we then have to leave our desks to do research.
Recent legislative initiatives in the US Congress potentially imperil the easy access to the web that we now enjoy. The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) bill introduced into the House of Representatives and the Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property Act (PROTECT IP Act or PIPA) at the Senate propose to summarily prevent access to sites that have been broadly defined to have committed infringement of intellectual property rights or of marketing counterfeit goods. What will happen to the social networking websites such as Facebook, Tumblr and Twitter that everybody now enjoys? Like YouTube, they allow user-generated materials that may violate anti-piracy laws.
In the name of protection of intellectual property rights that include movies, songs and other products of actors, filmmakers, singers and music publishers, SOPA and PIPA agitated and earned the ire of the internet world with its inconsiderate stance. It led to worldwide protests online and offline. With the proposed laws enacted, many websites which are resources for information and materials will be inaccessible for business, domestic and professional purposes. For a simple query like how to replace the battery of a mobile phone, the average citizen may have to access a ?legal? website that charges a few cents for an answer or take a subscription which may only be used once or twice a month. Would it not be absurd, at the least?
If the sizable legislative funds from the entertainment industry successfully pass SOPA and PIPA as enforceable laws, America will be well on its way to becoming the Father of Serfdom and Money-crazy from its original Father of Freedom and Democracy renown.
The Chancellor, George Osborne, has announced extra funding to develop the UK's research of the so-called "super-material" graphene.
It is one of the lightest yet strongest and most conductive materials known to man - and was originally discovered by scientists at Manchester University.
Now other universities will be asked to develop its commercial uses.
Mr Osborne said the ?21.5m investment fund would aim to take the technology from the lab to the factory floor.
He has previously pledged money for such research, including ?50m in 2011.
Graphene is made of sheets of carbon just one atom thick, and has outstanding mechanical strength and electronic properties.
Manchester University academics Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov won the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics for demonstrating its properties.
Industrial partners
It is hoped that the material will be used in a wide array of industrial and everyday applications.
The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council has identified the most promising graphene-related research projects in British universities to benefit from state funding.
The University of Cambridge has been awarded more than ?12m for research into graphene flexible electronics and opto-electronics, which could include things like touch-screens and other display devices.
London's Imperial College will receive over ?4.5m to investigate aerospace applications of graphene.
The other successful projects are based at Durham University, the University of Manchester, the University of Exeter and Royal Holloway.
The universities will be working with industrial partners including Nokia, BAE Systems, Procter & Gamble, Qinetiq, Rolls-Royce, Dyson, Sharp and Philips Research, which will together bring a further ?12m in investment.
Today I have continued to work on my annotated bibliography:
Source 2
GreatSchools Staff. ?Why Learn a Second Language?? GreatSchools. GreatSchools Inc. Web. 7 December 2012. < http://www.greatschools.org/students/academic-skills/540-learn-second-language.gs?page=all >.
Main Idea:
The main idea of this source is to draw attention to the need of learning a second language in the United States. This source speaks to the common benefits of learning a second language and the changes in the education system in terms of world languages. The sub-claims in this piece is that there are several resources for learning a second language and that, ?I took French in school, but I can?t speak it? is, ?no loner an acceptable response?(Source 2). This source talks about the several benefits of learning a second language and how anyone can benefit from this type of knowledge. It presents the idea of taking advantage of the opportunities available to people to learn a second language, saying that there are even easily accessible online resources for learning a second language.
Argument Analysis:
I believe that this is a reliable source, because although it does not formally cite any outside sources or provide a bibliography on where their information came from, this source does reference a few credibly sources such as the College Board. Though this source is from an educational website, I do think that it is in some ways objective, because the article was written by the general GreatSchools Staff, not by a specific committee or group focusing on world language education. They also increase their credibility by providing quotes and some references to support their claims. I believe that the author is qualified, because it is an educational organization arguing in favor of expanding students? education for their future benefit. I think that this source is well informed, but somewhat popular. It takes a more casual tone and would be more likely to persuade parents or open-minded teachers to side with their views on the subject.
Reflection:
I think that the information provided in this source fits in well with my information, because provides a lot of information that would be persuasive to the everyday person, such as parents, teachers, or other interested parties. Although this source is general in some areas, I think that it is easy to understand and that when combined with more scholarly sources, will provide information that can be persuasive and well understood by a larger audience.
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Ovulation can be an opportune time for getting pregnant. It is likely to improve your changes of conception. During ovulation, the female egg releases from the ovary and can undergo fertilization with male sperm. Although ovulation may not appear obviously, there are indicators which can help you in detecting ovulation. These can help in detecting ovulation and getting the most out of the opportune time.
The Significance of Detecting Ovulation
Having sex around ovulation time can increase the possibilities of conception. So if you are trying to get pregnant, knowing the accurate time of conceiving can help. On the contrary, skipping the time of ovulation may reduce the chances of conception. This can help when you do not want to conceive; however, it is not a full proof contraceptive method owing to the tricky process undergoing inside your body.
A mistake in detecting ovulation is not out of ordinary and the exactness of ovulation varies among women, or even can change with time.?Furthermore, the process of detecting ovulation involves a number of precautionary measures owing to its subtle nature. A slight deviation from the required process of detection can alter the result and serve an incorrect indicator.
Main Ways of Detecting Ovulation
The signs of ovulation can include the following three main things:
Observing the Secretions of the Vagina
Near ovulation, there can be an increase in the usual vaginal secretion. The secretion can also become thicker, like raw egg white as against the slippery one, and can stretch between fingers. The vaginal discharge can become cloudy or even disappear when ovulation has been over and chances of getting pregnant are reduced.
The mucus serves multiple purposes. During the apparently less fertile stage, the cervical mucus hinders sperm from entering the uterus. During the more fertile stage (near ovulation), the cervical mucus becomes protective and aids the sperm?s journey towards the egg. A 28-day cycle woman can have the 13th-15th days as the most fertile ones. Since every woman?s menstrual cycle can be different from the other, it is important to find your own ovulation signs and keep a record.
Alert
Although this method of detecting ovulation is considered one of the most precise among others, it is still not a definite sign of ovulation. Fertile mucus, like the thick raw egg white, can be found in women having polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). For these women, the other method (BBT) may work in detecting ovulation.?Besides, medications like antihistamines can lead to drying up of the cervical mucus making it difficult to detect ovulation.
Observing the Basal Body Temperature
The basal body temperature (BBT), or the body?s temperature at rest, can also be tracked to detect ovulation. The body?s temperature is slightly increased during ovulation and can be tracked to arrive at the opportune conception time.
A digital thermometer can be used to check temperature every morning. Continuous tracking of the BBT can indicate a pattern wherein you are possibly most fertile during the 2-3 days previous to raise in temperature.
Also Read
Understanding Ovulation and Getting Pregnant 5 Popular Methods to Predicting Ovulation How to Find When You are Ovulating Predicting Your Ovulation Dates Accurately
Alert
Although this is perhaps the most popular method of detecting ovulation, it has its limitations. This method is primarily an indicative of ovulation confirmation. A slight change, like movement before taking temperature (even leaving the bed), change in sleep patterns, etc. can alter the result.
Even sitting up may change body temperature and make results skewed. Furthermore, you should take the temperature at the exact same time every morning before you move. This method may essentially not work with every woman. Even if there is no noticeable sustained rise in temperature, it should not essentially indicate that no ovulation. Clubbing it with another method can be a better idea.
Ovulation Predictor Test Kit
Ovulation can be also detected through the over-the-counter ovulation kit. In this test, urine sample and the underlying hormonal changes can indicate ovulation. Urine is used in the test kit once a day for a week before your expected ovulation. The test strip has two lines; when the test line is darker than the control line, there is an indication of an LH surge.
The same hormone which causes fertile cervical mucus leads to LH surge. This test can be used if the cervical mucus is dried up or BBT gives indefinite outcomes.
Alert
Besides being expensive, it is also not as simple as it appears to be. The LH surge can possibly be missed and, therefore, detecting ovulation can be difficult. More than one test kit may be needed if your ovulation is irregular or to establish a comprehensive outcome.
Conclusion
The above methods can be used to detect ovulation but cannot be considered full proof. Besides the above methods, there can be some more ways of detecting ovulation like abdominal cramps and cervical positioning. However, these better serve as indicators and cannot be assumed absolutely accurate.
Useful Ways In Detecting Ovulation, 5.0 out of 5 based on 1 rating
>>>in missouri where the other winning ticket was sold, we do know who won it and now we know what they plan to do with it. so far, it looks like the money has not gone to their heads. jay gray has the story.
>>the new missouri my millionaires, the hill family.
>> reporter: they are still the same small town family.
>>it's still us. we're just normal
human beings
. we're as common as anybody. we just have a little bit more money. [ laughter ]
>> reporter: no, a lot more that they'll share with their three adult sons and their 6-year-old adopted daughter from china.
>>jayden what did you want for christmas?
>>pony.
>> reporter: security video shows cindy buying the winning ticket late wednesday.
>>it's just surreal. it's like you're in a dream.
>> reporter: but this is the new $293 million pre-tax reality for the hills who have at times been in but mostly out of work the last couple years. mark, a mechanic, did call his boss.
>>he didn't believe me. he said you're kidling. i said no. about five minutes later he called back and said really? i said yeah, really.
>> reporter: the family will create college funds, donate to charities.
>>and we're probably going to go on a vacation or two.
>> reporter: but they never plan to stray too
far from home
. this is quite literally the white picketed fence neighborhood where the hills are from, and despite the means to go anywhere in the world, they're from this community and say this is where they plan to stay. a community of less than 500 that us out of towners have been calling deerborn.
Harvard's Wyss Institute models a human disease in an organ-on-a-chipPublic release date: 7-Nov-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Kristen Kusek kristen.kusek@wyss.harvard.edu 617-432-8266 Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard
'Lung-on-a-chip' sets stage for next wave of research to replace animal testing
Researchers at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University have mimicked pulmonary edema in a microchip lined by living human cells, as reported today in the journal Science Translation Medicine. They used this "lung-on-a-chip" to study drug toxicity and identify potential new therapies to prevent this life-threatening condition.
The study offers further proof-of-concept that human "organs-on-chips" hold tremendous potential to replace traditional approaches to drug discovery and development.
"Major pharmaceutical companies spend a lot of time and a huge amount of money on cell cultures and animal testing to develop new drugs," says Donald Ingber, M.D., Ph.D., founding director of the Wyss Institute and senior author of the study, "but these methods often fail to predict the effects of these agents when they reach humans."
The lung-on-a-chip device, which the team first described only two years ago, is a crystal clear, flexible polymer about the size of a memory stick that contains hollow channels fabricated using computer microchip manufacturing techniques. Two of the channels are separated by a thin, flexible, porous membrane that on one side is lined with human lung cells from the air sac and exposed to air; human capillary blood cells are placed on the other side with medium flowing over their surface. A vacuum applied to side channels deforms this tissue-tissue interface to re-create the way human lung tissues physically expand and retract when breathing.
Wyss Technology Development Fellow Dongeun Huh, Ph.D., who also holds appointments at Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, studied a cancer chemotherapy drug called interleukin-2or IL-2 for shortin the lung-on-a-chip. A major toxic side effect of IL-2 is pulmonary edema, which is a deadly condition in which the lungs fill with fluid and blood clots.
When IL-2 was injected into the blood channel of the lung-on-a-chip, fluid leaked across the membrane and two tissue layers, reducing the volume of air in the other channel and compromising oxygen transportjust as it does in lungs of human patients when it is administered at the equivalent doses and over the same time course. Blood plasma proteins also crossed into the air channel, leading to the formation of blood clots in the air space, as they do in humans treated with IL-2.
But one result came as a surprise.
It turns out the physical act of breathing greatly enhances the effects of IL-2 in pulmonary edema --"something that clinicians and scientists never suspected before," Ingber says. When the team turned on the vacuum attached to the chip to simulate breathing, it increased fluid leakage more than three-fold when treated with the clinically relevant IL-2 dose, and the Wyss team confirmed that the same response occurs in an animal model of pulmonary edema. This result could suggest that doctors treating patients on a respirator with IL-2 should reduce the tidal volume of air being pushed into the lungs, for example, in order to minimize the negative side effects of this drug.
Most exciting for the future of drug testing was the Wyss team's finding that "this on-chip model of human pulmonary edema can be used to identify new potential therapeutic agents in vitro," Ingber says. The pulmonary edema symptoms in the lung-on-a-chip disease model could be prevented by treating the tissues with a new class of drug, a transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel blocker, under development by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). In a separate study published by the GSK team in the same issue of Science Translation Medicine, the beneficial effects of TRPV4 inhibition in reducing pulmonary edema were independently validated using animal models of pulmonary edema caused by heart failure.
"In just a little more than two years, we've gone from unveiling the initial design of the lung-on-a-chip to demonstrating its potential to model a complex human disease, which we believe provides a glimpse of what drug discovery and development might look like in the future," Ingber says.
The cross-disciplinary, multi-institutional team that was led by Ingber and Huh also included Wyss Postdoctoral Fellow Daniel Leslie, Ph.D.; Benjamin Matthews, M.D., assistant professor of pediatrics in the Vascular Biology Program at Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Wyss Institute Researcher Jacob Fraser; Samuel Jurek, a researcher at Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Senior Wyss Staff Scientist Geraldine Hamilton, Ph.D.; and Senior Scientific Investigator Kevin Thorneloe, Ph.D., and Investigator M. Allen McAlexander from GlaxoSmithKline. Ingber is also the Judah Folkman Professor of Vascular Biology at Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, and Professor of Bioengineering at Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
"Organs-on-a-chip represents a new approach to model the structure, biology, and function of human organs, as evidenced by the complex breathing action of this engineered lung. This breathing action was key to providing new insight into the etiology of pulmonary edema," said Dr. James M. Anderson, M.D., Ph.D., director of the NIH Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives that provided partial support for this research through the Common Fund's Regulatory Science program. "These results provide support for the broader use of such microsystems in studying disease pathology and hopefully for identifying new therapeutic targets."
###
The work was funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University.
For more information, contact Kristen Kusek(Kristen.kusek@wyss.harvard.edu, +1 617-432-8266).
IMAGES and VIDEO AVAILABLE
The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University uses Nature's design principles to develop bioinspired materials and devices that will transform medicine and create a more sustainable world. Working as an alliance among Harvard's Schools of Medicine, Engineering, and Arts & Sciences, and in partnership with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston University and Tufts University, the Institute crosses disciplinary and institutional barriers to engage in high-risk research that leads to transformative technological breakthroughs. By emulating Nature's principles for self-organizing and self-regulating, Wyss researchers are developing innovative new engineering solutions for healthcare, energy, architecture, robotics, and manufacturing. These technologies are translated into commercial products and therapies through collaborations with clinical investigators, corporate alliances, and new start-ups. The Wyss Institute was recently awarded the prestigious World Technology Network award for innovation in biotechnology.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Harvard's Wyss Institute models a human disease in an organ-on-a-chipPublic release date: 7-Nov-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Kristen Kusek kristen.kusek@wyss.harvard.edu 617-432-8266 Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard
'Lung-on-a-chip' sets stage for next wave of research to replace animal testing
Researchers at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University have mimicked pulmonary edema in a microchip lined by living human cells, as reported today in the journal Science Translation Medicine. They used this "lung-on-a-chip" to study drug toxicity and identify potential new therapies to prevent this life-threatening condition.
The study offers further proof-of-concept that human "organs-on-chips" hold tremendous potential to replace traditional approaches to drug discovery and development.
"Major pharmaceutical companies spend a lot of time and a huge amount of money on cell cultures and animal testing to develop new drugs," says Donald Ingber, M.D., Ph.D., founding director of the Wyss Institute and senior author of the study, "but these methods often fail to predict the effects of these agents when they reach humans."
The lung-on-a-chip device, which the team first described only two years ago, is a crystal clear, flexible polymer about the size of a memory stick that contains hollow channels fabricated using computer microchip manufacturing techniques. Two of the channels are separated by a thin, flexible, porous membrane that on one side is lined with human lung cells from the air sac and exposed to air; human capillary blood cells are placed on the other side with medium flowing over their surface. A vacuum applied to side channels deforms this tissue-tissue interface to re-create the way human lung tissues physically expand and retract when breathing.
Wyss Technology Development Fellow Dongeun Huh, Ph.D., who also holds appointments at Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, studied a cancer chemotherapy drug called interleukin-2or IL-2 for shortin the lung-on-a-chip. A major toxic side effect of IL-2 is pulmonary edema, which is a deadly condition in which the lungs fill with fluid and blood clots.
When IL-2 was injected into the blood channel of the lung-on-a-chip, fluid leaked across the membrane and two tissue layers, reducing the volume of air in the other channel and compromising oxygen transportjust as it does in lungs of human patients when it is administered at the equivalent doses and over the same time course. Blood plasma proteins also crossed into the air channel, leading to the formation of blood clots in the air space, as they do in humans treated with IL-2.
But one result came as a surprise.
It turns out the physical act of breathing greatly enhances the effects of IL-2 in pulmonary edema --"something that clinicians and scientists never suspected before," Ingber says. When the team turned on the vacuum attached to the chip to simulate breathing, it increased fluid leakage more than three-fold when treated with the clinically relevant IL-2 dose, and the Wyss team confirmed that the same response occurs in an animal model of pulmonary edema. This result could suggest that doctors treating patients on a respirator with IL-2 should reduce the tidal volume of air being pushed into the lungs, for example, in order to minimize the negative side effects of this drug.
Most exciting for the future of drug testing was the Wyss team's finding that "this on-chip model of human pulmonary edema can be used to identify new potential therapeutic agents in vitro," Ingber says. The pulmonary edema symptoms in the lung-on-a-chip disease model could be prevented by treating the tissues with a new class of drug, a transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel blocker, under development by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). In a separate study published by the GSK team in the same issue of Science Translation Medicine, the beneficial effects of TRPV4 inhibition in reducing pulmonary edema were independently validated using animal models of pulmonary edema caused by heart failure.
"In just a little more than two years, we've gone from unveiling the initial design of the lung-on-a-chip to demonstrating its potential to model a complex human disease, which we believe provides a glimpse of what drug discovery and development might look like in the future," Ingber says.
The cross-disciplinary, multi-institutional team that was led by Ingber and Huh also included Wyss Postdoctoral Fellow Daniel Leslie, Ph.D.; Benjamin Matthews, M.D., assistant professor of pediatrics in the Vascular Biology Program at Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Wyss Institute Researcher Jacob Fraser; Samuel Jurek, a researcher at Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Senior Wyss Staff Scientist Geraldine Hamilton, Ph.D.; and Senior Scientific Investigator Kevin Thorneloe, Ph.D., and Investigator M. Allen McAlexander from GlaxoSmithKline. Ingber is also the Judah Folkman Professor of Vascular Biology at Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, and Professor of Bioengineering at Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
"Organs-on-a-chip represents a new approach to model the structure, biology, and function of human organs, as evidenced by the complex breathing action of this engineered lung. This breathing action was key to providing new insight into the etiology of pulmonary edema," said Dr. James M. Anderson, M.D., Ph.D., director of the NIH Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives that provided partial support for this research through the Common Fund's Regulatory Science program. "These results provide support for the broader use of such microsystems in studying disease pathology and hopefully for identifying new therapeutic targets."
###
The work was funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University.
For more information, contact Kristen Kusek(Kristen.kusek@wyss.harvard.edu, +1 617-432-8266).
IMAGES and VIDEO AVAILABLE
The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University uses Nature's design principles to develop bioinspired materials and devices that will transform medicine and create a more sustainable world. Working as an alliance among Harvard's Schools of Medicine, Engineering, and Arts & Sciences, and in partnership with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston University and Tufts University, the Institute crosses disciplinary and institutional barriers to engage in high-risk research that leads to transformative technological breakthroughs. By emulating Nature's principles for self-organizing and self-regulating, Wyss researchers are developing innovative new engineering solutions for healthcare, energy, architecture, robotics, and manufacturing. These technologies are translated into commercial products and therapies through collaborations with clinical investigators, corporate alliances, and new start-ups. The Wyss Institute was recently awarded the prestigious World Technology Network award for innovation in biotechnology.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
FILE - In this March 7, 2007 file photo, Penn State University President Graham Spanier speaks during a news conference at the Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center in Hershey, Pa. A year after retired assistant coach Jerry Sandusky?s arrest on child sex abuse charges, the fallout from the sweeping scandal promises to linger for months, if not years, to come. New charges that former university president Spanier conspired to conceal allegations provided the latest agonizing reminder. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster, File)
FILE - In this March 7, 2007 file photo, Penn State University President Graham Spanier speaks during a news conference at the Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center in Hershey, Pa. A year after retired assistant coach Jerry Sandusky?s arrest on child sex abuse charges, the fallout from the sweeping scandal promises to linger for months, if not years, to come. New charges that former university president Spanier conspired to conceal allegations provided the latest agonizing reminder. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster, File)
FILE - In this June 22, 2012 file photo, former Penn State assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky arrives at the Centre County Courthouse in Bellefonte, Pa. A year after Sandusky?s arrest on child sex abuse charges, the fallout from the sweeping scandal promises to linger for months, if not years, to come. New charges that former university president Graham Spanier conspired to conceal allegations provided the latest agonizing reminder. (AP Photo/Gene J. Puskar, File)
HARRISBURG, Pa. (AP) ? Former Penn State president Graham Spanier was arraigned and released on bail at a brief court appearance Wednesday on charges he lied about and concealed child sex abuse allegations involving former assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky.
Spanier, accompanied by his wife, signed paperwork after his bail was set at $125,000, but he was not required to post any of that amount. He was ordered to forfeit his passport and be fingerprinted.
Afterward, defense attorney Elizabeth Ainslie told reporters her client is "not guilty, absolutely" and disputed prosecutors' claims Spanier conspired with university athletic director Tim Curley and vice president Gary Schultz. She said Spanier, who testified before a grand jury in the matter, has not been given the opportunity to present his side of the story.
"This wasn't a conspiracy of silence," she said, echoing the charge made last week by state Attorney General Linda Kelly. "That is ridiculous."
Spanier, 64, was charged last week with perjury, obstruction, endangering the welfare of children, failure to properly report suspected abuse and conspiracy for his actions in response to complaints about Sandusky showering with children. Spanier has claimed he is being framed for political purposes.
He served as Penn State's president for 16 years but was forced out a year ago after Sandusky was charged along with Curley and Schultz, who were two of Spanier's top underlings. Spanier is on paid leave as a member of the faculty.
Along with the charges against Spanier, prosecutors added counts against Curley and Schultz. They were arraigned Thursday. District judge William Wenner told Spanier and his lawyers the Nov. 16 preliminary hearing date would likely be delayed a month or two.
Curley, the athletic director on leave until the final year of his contract expires, and Schultz, now retired, await trial in January on charges of failure to report suspected abuse and perjury. Like Spanier, they deny the allegations.
The new charges came almost exactly a year after details of the case against Sandusky sent a maelstrom through State College, toppling longtime head coach Joe Paterno and eventually leading to severe NCAA sanctions against the football team.
Sandusky, 68, vigorously contested the charges but was convicted in June of 45 counts of abuse of boys, including violent sexual attacks inside campus facilities. He was sentenced last month to 30 to 60 years in prison.
A grand jury report alleged Spanier testified falsely that he did not know of a 1998 complaint against Sandusky, made by a mother and investigated by university police.
It also claimed Spanier lied about a 2001 instance of abuse witnessed by a graduate assistant, when he testified that Curley and Schultz described it only as horseplay. Email traffic among the men, jurors wrote, "make clear they are discussing an event that involves the abuse of a child."
The grand jury report described how he addressed the growing scandal last year with the board of trustees, and how he put out statements supportive of Curley and Schultz after their arrest. The report said investigators were immediately able to get important records from the university after Spanier was replaced as president.
Spanier's lawyers put out a statement law week that accused Gov. Tom Corbett, who was attorney general when the investigation began, of orchestrating the charges to divert attention from questions about why it took three years to bring charges against Sandusky. They said there was no factual basis for the Spanier charges and said the grand jury report was "a politically motivated frame-up of an innocent man."
An international team, led by Lanzhou University, comprising BGI, the world's largest genomics organization, Institute of Kunming Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences as well as the other 12 institutes, has completed the genomic sequence and analyses of a female domestic yak, which provides important insights into understanding mammalian divergence and adaptation at high altitude. This study was recently published online in Nature Genetics. Scienceshot made a timely comment on yak genome themed "What gets yak high ?"
As an iconic symbol of Tibet and of high altitude, the yak (Bos grunniens) is the most important domesticated species for Tibetans living at high altitude in China's Qinghai Province, which could provide meat and other basic resources, such as milk, transportation, dried dung for fuel, and hides for tented accommodation. Yaks have many anatomical and physiological traits that enable them live at high altitude, including high metabolism, acute senses, impressive foraging ability, enlarged hearts and lungs, and a lack of blood vessel constriction in the lungs when faced with relatively low oxygen conditions.
In the study, researchers sequenced the genome of a female domestic yak using high-throughput sequencing technology. The genomic data yielded 2,657Mb draft yak genome assembly that had 65-fold coverage. They also conducted transcriptome sequencing on RNA samples derived from fresh heart, liver, brain, stomach, and lung tissues collected from the same yak. Based on the transcriptome data, researchers estimated that the yak genome contains 22,282 protein-coding genes and 2.2 million heterozygous SNPs.
In order to understand evolutionary adaptation of yak to the high-altitude, the team conducted the comparative genomic analyses between yak and cattle, a closely related animal that typically lives at much lower altitudes. Although the yak and cattle were estimated to have diverged around 4.9 million years ago, many of the yak and cattle genes have remained very similar, with the two animals sharing 45 percent protein identity and 99.5 percent protein similarity. However, they identified distinct gene expansions related to sensory perception and energy metabolism-related in yak.
In addition, researchers also found an enrichment of protein domains related to the extracellular environment and hypoxic stress. Especially, they found the orthologous genes in yak related to hypoxia and nutrition metabolism had undergone positively selected and rapid evolution. For example, they found three genes that may play important roles in regulating body's response to hypoxia, or oxygen deprivation, at high-altitudes, and five genes that were related with the optimization of the energy from the poor foods in the extreme plateau.
Researchers referred that the study on high-altitude adaptation may help to improve current understanding, treatment, and prevention of altitude sickness and other hypoxia-related diseases in humans. Moreover, the yak genome provided a valuable resource for accelerating the genetic improvement of milk and meat production of this important animal.
###
BGI Shenzhen: http://www.genomics.org.cn
Thanks to BGI Shenzhen for this article.
This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.
Four days after a powerful storm cut a path? from the Midwest to the Mid-Atlantic, nearly 2 million people remain without electricity as triple-digit temperatures continue to scorch the region. NBC's Tom Costello reports.
By msnbc.com staff and NBC News
As nearly 1.5 million people across the country woke up Tuesday to another day with no power -- or air conditioning -- the National Weather Service warned dangerously high temperatures would be persisting through the end of the week in some states.
About a million people had electricity restored on Monday following a strong weekend storm that cut a path from the Midwest to the mid-Atlantic, knocking down trees and power lines. But there were still about 1.5 million others waiting in the dark on Tuesday,?according to The Weather Channel.
The NWS issued excessive heat warnings for parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri and Kentucky.?It also issued warnings about severe thunderstorms in parts of Michigan and South Dakota early Tuesday.
In Washington D.C., where blackouts are a frequent problem in the summer months, the mayor requested President Obama declare a state of emergency.
"I think people are fed up with power outages, and we need a game-changer," Vincent Gray, Washington's Democratic mayor, said. "We need an approach now that's going to stop how we stop this in the first place."?
In Chicago on Monday, after a fast-moving storm barreled through, Commonwealth Edison introduced its mobile operations center, part of a new response plan to large-scale outages. More than 250,000 Chicago-area customers were knocked offline by Sunday's storms; that number was reduced to 48,000 by Tuesday morning, NBCChicago.com reported.
The NWS warned that ?people without airconditioning in their home should try to spend at least a portion of each day in an air-conditioned environment? as the hot weather continues. Pepco, D.C.'s utility company, estimated it would have 90 percent of its customers back up and running by Friday, NBCWashington.com reported.
Cooling centers for residents who don't have air conditioning have opened up across the country. In Virginia, in response to the number of cooling shelters in the area that don't allow animals,?a gourmet pet bakery opened up a cooling center just for pets, reported public radio station WAMU.org.?
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The Weather Channel?s website, weather.com, said the worst heat on July 4 would be located over the central states, with parts of the Midwest seeing highs about 5 to 15 degrees above average.
?The sultry conditions will also extend eastward into the Mid-Atlantic, including Washington, D.C. and Philadelphia, Pa. Be sure to take precautions if you have outdoor plans,? Chris Dolce, of weather.com, said.
Dolce warned that a cold front would bring scattered storms to the Northeast on July 4, saying ?a few of these storms could be severe with damaging winds and hail.?
?Parts of the Southeast may deal with pop-up afternoon and evening thunderstorms, particularly in the southern Appalachians and south Florida,? he added.
In Wheaton, Ill., a suburb of Chicago, July 4 fireworks and a parade were canceled due to damage from Sunday's thunderstorms.
"I don't think there's a block of houses that doesn't have half a dozen trees down, or parts of trees. It's a real mess to get around," resident Donald Sender told NBCChicago.com Monday evening as he refueled his generator.
Temperatures in the Chicago area are expected to reach 95 to 100 degrees, with heat index readings of 100 to 110 degrees, according to NBCChicago.com.
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Spain's David Silva scores a goal during the Euro 2012 soccer championship final between Spain and Italy in Kiev, Ukraine, Sunday, July 1, 2012. (AP Photo/Jon Super)
Spain's David Silva scores a goal during the Euro 2012 soccer championship final between Spain and Italy in Kiev, Ukraine, Sunday, July 1, 2012. (AP Photo/Jon Super)
Spain's Jordi Alba celebrates their second goal with teammates during the Euro 2012 soccer championship final against Italy in Kiev, Ukraine, Sunday, July 1, 2012. (AP Photo/Matthias Schrader)
Spain head coach Vicente del Bosque, left, kicks the ball as Italy's Federico Balzaretti tries to take a throw-in during the Euro 2012 soccer championship final between Spain and Italy in Kiev, Ukraine, Sunday, July 1, 2012. (AP Photo/Ivan Sekretarev)
Italy's goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon reacts after Spain's David Silva, left, scored the opening goal during the Euro 2012 soccer championship final between Spain and Italy in Kiev, Ukraine, Sunday, July 1, 2012. (AP Photo/Ivan Sekretarev)
Italy goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon make a save in front of Spain's Cesc Fabregas during the Euro 2012 soccer championship final between Spain and Italy in Kiev, Ukraine, Sunday, July 1, 2012. (AP Photo/Matthias Schrader)
KIEV, Ukraine (AP) ? The defense was impenetrable. The offense was unstoppable. Simply put, it was another Spanish party on the international stage.
Spain won its third straight major soccer title Sunday, routing Italy 4-0 in the European Championship final and making it look all too easy.
David Silva and Jordi Alba scored first-half goals, and substitutes Fernando Torres and Juan Mata added two more in the final minutes as the Spanish passing game worked its magic against the Italians at the Olympic Stadium.
Silva headed in a high shot in the 14th minute off a pass from Cesc Fabregas. And Alba added another in the 41st, picking up a beautiful through ball from Xavi Hernandez and shooting past Italy goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon.
Torres, who came on for Fabregas in the 75th minute, added the third goal with an easy finish and Mata really put the game away in the 88th, knocking in a pass from Torres.
"They were a great rival, but we took control of the game as time went by," Spain coach Vicente del Bosque said.
Spain won the Euro 2008 title four years ago in Vienna and followed that up with the World Cup title in Johannesburg two years ago.
"They had made history before, and I could now," said Alba, who has played only nine matches for Spain. "I don't believe it but little by little it is sinking in."
Torres also scored the lone goal in the 1-0 win over Germany in 2008, making him the first man to score in two European Championship finals.
Not only has Spain won every knockout game since losing to France in the second round of the 2006 World Cup, but goalkeeper Iker Casillas hasn't allowed a goal in that 10-game span. The last player to beat him is such an important match was Zinedine Zidane, and he retired after that tournament.
Sunday's win was a record 100th for Casillas in international soccer.
Spain was the favorite heading into the match, but also seemed primed for a loss after being held to a 1-1 draw by the Italians in their opening Group C match. Spain, which has been experimenting with a lineup that excludes a recognized striker, needed a penalty shootout to reach the final after a 0-0 tie with Portugal in the semifinals.
The controversial lineup, which Del Bosque again employed on Sunday, is akin to playing in the Super Bowl without a running back. Sure, you can still score touchdowns, but you give up on the chance for a game-breaking play.
Spain did just fine without the strikers, but they did even better when Torres came on. Although he has struggled both for Spain and Chelsea recently ? and was relegated to the bench for four of the six games at Euro 2012 ? Torres came on Sunday and made a difference.
But as good as the play was up front for Spain, it was the steady hands of Casillas at the back that likely preserved the victory.
Casillas made a point-blank save on a shot from Antonio Di Natale at the start of the second half, and twice tipped crosses out of danger just before the Italians could get their heads to the ball.
With every save, and of course with every goal, the huge group of Spain supporters cheered and screamed. The red-shirted fans dominated one corner of the stadium, filling up more than six sections of the Olympic Stadium. On the opposite side, the blue-clad Italians were far outnumbered, with dozens of empty yellow seats poking through the mass of supporters.
The political aspect of the game involved several heads of state. Italian Premier Mario Monti, along with other EU leaders, had said they would not travel to Ukraine for the tournament because of the politically tainted jailing of former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko. But that didn't stop him from attending the final in Kiev.
Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy also attended the match, and got to watch as his players celebrated with confetti and fireworks when they lifted yet another major trophy.
In this image made from amateur video released by the Ugarit News and accessed Monday, July 2, 2012, black smoke leaps the air from shelling near a mosque in Talbiseh, the central province of Homs, Syria. The head of the Arab League urged Syria's exiled opposition to unite Monday, saying they must not squander the opportunity to overcome their differences as Western efforts to force President Bashar Assad from power all but collapse. (AP Photo/Ugarit News via AP video) TV OUT, THE ASSOCIATED PRESS CANNOT INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE CONTENT, DATE, LOCATION OR AUTHENTICITY OF THIS MATERIAL
In this image made from amateur video released by the Ugarit News and accessed Monday, July 2, 2012, black smoke leaps the air from shelling near a mosque in Talbiseh, the central province of Homs, Syria. The head of the Arab League urged Syria's exiled opposition to unite Monday, saying they must not squander the opportunity to overcome their differences as Western efforts to force President Bashar Assad from power all but collapse. (AP Photo/Ugarit News via AP video) TV OUT, THE ASSOCIATED PRESS CANNOT INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE CONTENT, DATE, LOCATION OR AUTHENTICITY OF THIS MATERIAL
This citizen journalism image provided by Kafarsouseh Revolt, taken on Sunday, July 1, 2012 purports to show Syrians chanting slogans during a demonstration in Kafar Souseh, Damascus, Syria. The head of the Arab League called Monday for the fragmented Syrian opposition to unite and said a U.N.-brokered plan for a transitional government in Syria fell short of expectations. (AP Photo/Kafarsouseh Revolt)THE ASSOCIATED PRESS IS UNABLE TO INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE AUTHENTICITY, CONTENT, LOCATION OR DATE OF THIS HANDOUT PHOTO
This citizen journalism image provided by Kafarsouseh Revolt, taken on Sunday, July 1, 2012 purports to show Syrians raising their hands as they chant slogans during a demonstration in Kafar Souseh, Damascus, Syria. The head of the Arab League called Monday for the fragmented Syrian opposition to unite and said a U.N.-brokered plan for a transitional government in Syria fell short of expectations. (AP Photo/Kafarsouseh Revolt)THE ASSOCIATED PRESS IS UNABLE TO INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE AUTHENTICITY, CONTENT, LOCATION OR DATE OF THIS HANDOUT PHOTO
In this image made from amateur video released by the Ugarit News and accessed Monday, July 2, 2012, black smoke leaps the air from shelling near Ali bin Abi Taleb mosque in Talbiseh, the central province of Homs, Syria. The head of the Arab League urged Syria's exiled opposition to unite Monday, saying they must not squander the opportunity to overcome their differences as Western efforts to force President Bashar Assad from power all but collapse. (AP Photo/Ugarit News via AP video) TV OUT, THE ASSOCIATED PRESS CANNOT INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE CONTENT, DATE, LOCATION OR AUTHENTICITY OF THIS MATERIAL
CAIRO (AP) ? The Arab League chief urged exiled Syrian opposition figures to unite at a meeting Monday as a new Western effort to force President Bashar Assad from power faltered. Another 85 soldiers, including a general, fled to Turkey in a growing wave of defections.
Turkey's state-run Andolou news agency said the group of defectors also included 14 other officers, ranging from one colonel to seven captains. It is one of the largest groups of Syrian army defectors to cross into Turkey since the uprising against Assad began.
The stakes are high for calming the crisis in Syria, which NATO Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen on Monday called "one of the gravest security challenges the world faces today."
But more than one year into the Syrian revolt, the opposition is still hobbled by the infighting and fractiousness that have prevented the movement from gaining the kind of political traction it needs to present a credible alternative to Assad.
"There is an opportunity before the conference of Syrian opposition today that must be seized, and I say and repeat that this opportunity must not be wasted under any circumstance," Arab League chief Nabil Elaraby told nearly 250 members of the Syrian opposition at the opening of the two-day conference in Cairo.
"The sacrifices of the Syrian people are bigger than us and more valuable than any narrow differences or factional disputes," he said.
Nasser Al-Kidwa, deputy to U.N. special envoy Kofi Annan, said that unity of purpose and vision was "not an option, but a necessity if the opposition wants to bolster its popular support and trust and increase international support."
The divisions are tied to issues at the heart of the revolution: Whether to seek dialogue with the regime, whether outside military intervention is needed and what ideology should guide a post-Assad Syria.
Unlike Libya's National Transitional Council, which brought together most factions fighting Moammar Gadhafi's regime and was quickly recognized by much of the international community, Syria's opposition has no leadership on the ground.
Regime opponents inside and outside Syria are a diverse group, representing the country's ideological, sectarian and generational divide. They include dissidents who spent years in prison, tech-savvy activists in their 20s, former Marxists and Islamists.
Communication between those abroad and those in the country is extremely difficult. Political activists in Syria are routinely rounded up and imprisoned. Many are in hiding, communicating only through Skype using fake names, and the country is largely sealed off to exiled dissidents and foreign journalists.
The Cairo conference brought together various opposition groups ? including the Syrian National Council and the National Coordination Body for Democratic Change in Syria ? to try to agree on a united front to represent them, as well as to work out a transition plan for how to end to the conflict.
However, the main rebel group fighting Syrian government forces on the ground, the Free Syrian Army, was not represented at the talks. Faiz Amru, a member of the Joint Military Command, which is affiliated with the FSA, said the Cairo meeting was purely political, so rebels were not invited.
U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon expressed his hope that the Cairo meeting could contribute to the efforts of the U.N. special envoy and international community "to pave the way toward a meaningful transition in Syria."
"It is important that the Syrian opposition increase its cohesion and designate effective representative interlocutors," said a statement released by Ban's spokesperson.
Besides the conference in Cairo, opposition members also plan to meet Russian officials later this month, a Russian news agency reported. But the Moscow talks are significant because the Kremlin is Syria's most important ally, protector and supplier of arms.
Diplomatic hopes have rested on persuading Russia to agree to a plan that would end the Assad family dynasty, which has ruled Syria for more than four decades.
Moscow's determination to preserve its last remaining ally in the Middle East has blocked efforts by the U.S. and other Western powers to force Assad out.
World powers at a conference in Geneva on Saturday accepted a U.N.-brokered plan calling for the creation of a transitional government with full executive powers in Syria. But at Russia's insistence, the compromise left the door open to Assad being part of the interim administration.
Some Syrian opposition groups have rejected the plan, calling it ambiguous and a waste of time and vowing not to negotiate with Assad or members of his "murderous" regime.
However, the National Coordination Body for Democratic Change in Syria said Monday that the plan is the best way to ensure a political transition that avoids a full collapse of the Syrian state.
Elaraby, who has held private meetings with Syrian opposition figures at the League's headquarters in the past, said the agreement did not meet Arab expectations because it did not specify a time frame for a "clear transition" as the League had called for.
The U.S. backed away from insisting that the plan should explicitly call for Assad to have no role in a new Syrian government, hoping the concession would encourage Russia to put greater pressure on its longtime ally to end the regime's violent crackdown.
The conflict has killed more than 14,000 people since the revolt began in March 2011, according to opposition estimates. The fighting has grown increasingly militarized in recent months, with rebel forces launching attacks and ambushes on regime targets.
Thousands of soldiers, most of them low-level conscripts, have deserted and joined the rebels. The 85 soldiers who crossed over to Turkey on Monday followed 33 others, including a general and two colonels, who did the same a week earlier, in a sign that high-level defections appear to be increasing.
Although the defections are notable, Assad's regime has remained remarkably airtight, particularly compared with the hemorrhaging of Gadhafi's inner circle in Libya in 2011.
Assad has refused to budge, saying his country is at war with terrorists ? the term he uses for his armed opponents. On Monday, he ratified a new terrorism law that includes a clause specifically aimed at the opposition. Under the law, the penalty for terrorism that aims to change the regime would exceed 20 years at hard labor.
As the conflict drags on, concerns are mounting that the violence will spiral outside the country's borders. Tensions already are running high between Damascus and Ankara after Syria shot down a Turkish military plane on June 22.
Syria said the jet violated its airspace, but Turkey says the aircraft was shot down over international waters.
Turkey responded by setting up anti-aircraft guns along the frontier and said Monday it dispatched fighter jets to its border after Syrian helicopters flew too close to the frontier for a second day on Sunday.
In Brussels on Monday, Fogh Rasmussen said the Syrian regime "has lost all humanity and all legitimacy." But there is little appetite for the type of military intervention that helped topple Libya's Gadhafi, in part because there is no real opposition to get behind.
The international community is also hesitant to get involved in another country in turmoil.
"Every member of the international community should use its influence and spare no effort to bring an end to the bloodshed and move Syria forward," he said. "This conflict has already gone on for too long. It has cost too many lives, and put the stability of the whole region at risk."
___
Kennedy reported from Beirut. Associated Press writer Selcan Hacaoglu in Ankara, Turkey, contributed to this report.
A doomsday volcanic eruption with the power to wipe out civilization may sound like the premise for a bad movie, but so-called supervolcanoes are far from fictional. And now scientists are warning that supervolcanoes require far less time to build up the ammunition for a cataclysmic eruption than once thought.
However, this newly discovered "short fuse" must be put in context: The buildup of a supervolcano toward eruption still may take several hundred or thousands of years.
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There are quite a few supervolcanoes around the world, from the one in Yellowstone Park to what could be a new supervolcano in Bolivia. While none of them appears primed for an eruption, understanding their behavior illuminates Earth's past and gives a better picture of the danger they pose.
Supervolcano short fuse
Previous studies indicated that supervolcanoes ? volcanoes that spew out roughly 1,000 times more material than Mount St. Helens did in 1980 ? need 100,000 to 200,000 years to build up a reservoir of magma before they can unleash a violent eruption.
Yet research published May 30 in the journal PLoS ONE suggests that these giant magma pools, typically 10 to 25 miles across, exist for only a few thousand to even just a few hundred years before a supervolcano goes off.
"Our study suggests that when these exceptionally large magma pools form, they are ephemeral and cannot exist very long without erupting," Guilherme Gualda, an assistant professor of earth and environmental sciences at Vanderbilt University, said in a statement.
Gualda and colleagues studied Bishop Tuff, a plateau in California that is essentially the remains of a supervolcano that erupted about 760,000 years ago. They used a dating technique that looked at the rate of quartz crystallization ? as opposed to a more traditional method that uses the decay of elements such as uranium and thorium in zircon crystals ? to determine the lifespan of the magma pool that sparked the massive eruption.
The study yielded compelling evidence that the magma pool may have formed in 10,000 years ? and most likely formed in as little as 500 to 3,000 years.
More scrutiny needed
Gualda said that means the world's supervolcanoes may bear closer scrutiny than they now receive. "The fact that the process of magma body formation occurs in historical time, instead of geological time, completely changes the nature of the problem," he said. [ 10 Wild Volcano Facts ]
The most recent super-eruption occurred at Taupo in New Zealand, about 26,000 years ago; the most dramatic to occur while humans walked the Earth happened 74,000 years ago, in Indonesia, when an eruption at Mount Toba rained ash all over South Asia and filled the atmosphere with so great a load of ash and small particles that it altered global weather for as long as a decade.
There are indications that the eruption took a devastating toll on the world's human population.
Follow OurAmazingPlanet for the latest in Earth science and exploration news on Twitter@OAPlanet and on Facebook.
? 2012 OurAmazingPlanet. All rights reserved. More from OurAmazingPlanet.
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Ovulation can be an opportune time for getting pregnant. It is likely to improve your changes of conception. During ovulation, the female egg releases from the ovary and can undergo fertilization with male sperm. Although ovulation may not appear obviously, there are indicators which can help you in detecting ovulation. These can help in detecting ovulation and getting the most out of the opportune time.
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Public release date: 7-Nov-2012
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