US rivers and streams saturated with carbon

Monday, October 17, 2011

Rivers and streams in the United States are releasing enough carbon into the atmosphere to fuel 3.4 million car trips to the moon, according to Yale researchers in Nature Geoscience. Their findings could change the way scientists model the movement of carbon between land, water and the atmosphere.

"These rivers breathe a lot of carbon," said David Butman, a doctoral student and co-author of a study with Pete Raymond, professor of ecosystem ecology, both at the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. "They are a source of CO2, just like we breathe CO2 and like smokestacks emit CO2, and this has never been systematically estimated from a region as large as the United States."

The researchers assert that a significant amount of carbon contained in land, which first is absorbed by plants and forests through the air, is leaking into streams and rivers and then released into the atmosphere before reaching coastal waterways.

"What we are able to show is that there is a source of atmospheric CO2 from streams and rivers, and that it is significant enough for terrestrial modelers to take note of it," said Butman.

They analyzed samples taken by the United States Geological Survey from over 4,000 rivers and streams throughout the United States, and incorporated highly detailed geospatial data to model the flux of carbon dioxide from water. This release of carbon, said Butman, is the same as a car burning 40 billion gallons of gasoline.

The paper, titled "Significant Efflux of Carbon Dioxide from Streams and Rivers in the United States," also indicates that as the climate heats up there will be more rain and snow, and that an increase in precipitation will result in even more terrestrial carbon flowing into rivers and streams and being released into the atmosphere.

"This would mean that any estimate between carbon uptake in the biosphere and carbon being released through respiration in the biosphere will be even less likely to balance and must include the carbon in streams and rivers," he said.

The researchers note in the paper that currently it is impossible to determine exactly how to include this flux in regional carbon budgets, because the influence of human activity on the release of CO2 into streams and rivers is still unknown.

###

Yale University: http://www.yale.edu

Thanks to Yale University for this article.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/114360/US_rivers_and_streams_saturated_with_carbon

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Citigroup earnings rise 74 percent, to $3.8 bln

In this Oct. 13, 2011 photo, people pass a Citibank office, in New York. Citigroup said Monday, Oct. 17, 2011, its earnings rose 74 percent in the third quarter, to $3.8 billion, after the bank recorded lower losses from loans. (AP Photo/Mark Lennihan)

In this Oct. 13, 2011 photo, people pass a Citibank office, in New York. Citigroup said Monday, Oct. 17, 2011, its earnings rose 74 percent in the third quarter, to $3.8 billion, after the bank recorded lower losses from loans. (AP Photo/Mark Lennihan)

NEW YORK (AP) ? Citigroup's earnings rose 74 percent in the third quarter, to $3.8 billion, on an accounting gain and lower losses from loans.

The New York bank earned $1.23 per share, on revenue of $20.86 billion. That's up from income of $2.2 billion during the same quarter last year.

Citi's income included a $1.9 billion accounting gain related to its credit holdings. Excluding the gain, the earnings were equivalent to 84 cents per share. Analysts surveyed by FactSet predicted Citigroup would earn 82 cents per share.

Citi's stock rose 3.5 percent to $29.44 in early trading. Citi is the nation's third-biggest bank measured by assets.

Excluding the accounting gain, Citi's revenue fell 8 percent from the same period last year.

Citi's losses from bad loans fell 41 percent during the quarter to $4.5 billion as defaults fell from its credit card loans for Citi-branded cards. That allowed Citi to add $1.4 billion to its earnings from credit reserves it set aside for deeper losses.

The bank's international consumer business increased 10 percent due to growth in Asia and Latin America. Its North American consumer business fell 9 percent from a year ago due mainly to lower average balances on its credit cards. Revenue in the card business also fell due to regulations that limit the ways banks can increase interest rates and fees.

Citi said its stock and bond trading business was hurt by uncertainty in financial markets due to the debt crisis in Europe and a downgrade of the U.S. government's credit rating in August.

"Citi continues to navigate a challenging economic environment," Vikram Pandit, Citi's CEO, said in a statement.

Fixed Income revenues fell 33 percent to $2.3 billion, and equity revenue fell 73 percent to $289 million. Investment banking revenue fell 21 percent as fewer companies issued stocks and bonds or made acquisitions.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2011-10-17-Earns-Citigroup/id-f3e2360ca34f45c0ab016cb44fec1e53

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Video: Preview: 'Deadly Retreat'

Dateline NBC

'Dateline NBC,' the signature broadcast for NBC News in primetime, premiered in 1992. Since then, it has been pioneering a new approach to primetime news programming. The multi-night franchise, supplemented by frequent specials, allows NBC to consistently and comprehensively present the highest-quality reporting, investigative features, breaking news coverage and newsmaker profiles.

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032600/vp/44930969#44930969

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What Occupy Wall Street protesters don't understand

Protesters are right that income inequality is a major problem. But many on the Left support policies that would exacerbate that problem.

I haven't yet written about the so-called "Occupy Wall Street" movement, which is a left-wing version of the Tea Party, though unlike the Tea Party it seems to be spreading across the world.
I have no sympathy for the movement because of its goal of expanding government, but one of their grievances is at least in America partly legitimate, namely the record high level of inequality.
If all rich people were real creators like the late Steve Jobs, then it wouldn't have been a problem, but because many people have become rich because of bank bailouts and inflationary monetary policies then it is not entirely unproblematic.

Skip to next paragraph Stefan Karlsson

Stefan is an economist currently working in Sweden.

Recent posts

The problem is that almost all leftists, including those in "Occupy Wall Street" fails to understand this and in fact supports these policies. As for example the Rortybomb and Free Exchange blogs note however, a few people seems to have been convinced by the Ron Paul campaign and other Austrians that Fed policy is a significant cause of inequality.
Rortybomb dismisses this with the pathetic argument that this view can't be right because the AFL-CIO doesn't believe in it. Free Exchange makes the somewhat more sophisticated argument that because Fed policy pushes down Treasury yields, it will in fact hurt bankers.
But as superficially plausible as this argument may be, it doesn't hold for closer scrutiny. On securities they alread hold, the yield is already fixed and the lower yield in current trading is therefore fully compensated for by higher prices of those securities. And on the new securities they because of the expanded Fed balance sheet, they will see their profits increase because on the margin they still generate significant profits. Not to mention how much profits they can gain by buying other assets.
Both of course also completely ignore the distributional effects of higher stock prices (disproportionately benefiting the top 1%) and higher commodity prices (disproportionately hurting the poor).
It is true that a few rich people might be hurt, namely those that hold their wealth in cash in for example giant money bins. But though the fictional Scrooge McDuck does that, extremely few, if any, real life people do that. More common would be people who save in bank accounts or short-term securities who also loses from inflation. However, that is far from enough to offsett more than a small part of the inequality increasing mechanisms that I mentioned.

The Christian Science Monitor has assembled a diverse group of the best economy-related bloggers out there. Our guest bloggers are not employed or directed by the Monitor and the views expressed are the bloggers' own, as is responsibility for the content of their blogs. To contact us about a blogger, click here. This post originally ran on stefanmikarlsson.blogspot.com.

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/csm/~3/vqGatJklSSU/What-Occupy-Wall-Street-protesters-don-t-understand

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Herman Cain: The Koch Brothers, 999 origins, and drunk-driving laws (The Christian Science Monitor)

Washington ? At the front of the GOP presidential pack, former Godfather?s Pizza CEO Herman Cain is having his moment in the political sun. Which also means he?s going under the journalistic microscope. This morning?s papers are packed with pieces on Cain.

To help you keep up with the media?s continued vetting of Cain, here?s a review of the top pieces from this weekend and Monday:

1. Herman Cain?s appearance on NBC?s ?Meet The Press? Sunday.

Two bits of news emerged from this interview. First, as Decoder wrote this weekend, Cain said his applause line at a recent rally - about installing a fence along the Mexican border with electric barbed wire capable of killing those trying to enter the US illegally - was a ?joke? and that America ?needs to get a sense of humor.?

Second, Cain acknowledged that some Americans would pay more in taxes under his ?999 plan.? Which Americans, specifically? According to Cain: ?The people who spend more money on new goods.?

2. Herman Cain and the Koch Brothers

The Washington Post inspected Cain?s ties to the left?s favorite monied GOP bogeymen, Charles and David Koch, finding:

Cain?s campaign manager and a number of aides have worked for Americans for Prosperity, or AFP, the advocacy group founded with support from [the Kochs], which lobbies for lower taxes and less government regulation and spending. Cain credits a businessman who served on an AFP advisory board with helping devise his ?9-9-9? plan to rewrite the nation?s tax code. And his years of speaking at AFP events have given the businessman and radio host a network of loyal grassroots fans.

3. The history of ?999?

The Wall Street Journal?s Neil King, Jr. digs into the formation of the ?999 Plan,? finding Cain and economic advisor Rich Lowrie sought - and received - a blessing from conservative tax guru Arthur Laffer. Laffer, ?often viewed as the father of supply-side economics,? reportedly signed 999 with a red A+.

In practice, Mr. Lowrie?s design combines two ideas that have figured prominently in conservative tax debates in recent years. One idea is a flat tax (Mr. Laffer for years has championed this idea). The other is a national sales tax.

Admirers see it as a breath of fresh air in what is often a stultifying debate over how to rewrite the mammoth U.S. tax code. Many conservative economists have praised the Cain approach?s shift to taxing consumption while encouraging savings and investment. But some business people?particularly retailers but also home builders?cringe at the prospect of a national sales tax. And liberals worry it would raise taxes on lower-income people, or deepen the current deficits, or maybe both.

4. Is Herman Cain a serious contender?

Two pieces dig into whether Cain, who has only recently rocketed up to top-tier status, has the desire and/or ability to start building the kind of team necessary to compete with the serious organizations of Mitt Romney and Rick Perry.

Neil King, Jr. of the Wall Street Journal writes:

Now, under increasing scrutiny, [Cain] needs to hone his message, rapidly build a campaign organization to capture the swell and, perhaps most importantly in the eyes of national GOP operatives, give himself over to the discipline of a national campaign?.

Cain aides say they are hiring campaign staff at a breakneck pace, looking to nearly double the payroll to about 60 by the end of the month. They opened a South Carolina headquarters 10 days ago and are bulking up operations in Iowa and New Hampshire, where Mr. Cain has shot up in the polls.

The Washington Post?s Amy Gardner begins her piece by looking at Cain?s current lack of such an organization:

As presidential contender Herman Cain launched a bus tour across Tennessee this weekend, his advisers couldn?t explain why he would spend precious time in a state that is far down the list of crucial primaries.

Moments away from an appearance at a diner in Concord, N.H., Cain?s people didn?t know the name or address of the place.

And Cain?s organization is so thin in key early states that one New Hampshire strategist said that when activists have asked where to learn more about the candidate, there was no one in the state to refer them to.

Still, Cain is drawing massive crowds and - so far, at least - the more traditional trappings haven?t paid off much for Perry or Romney.

?If Facebook could be used to topple the Egyptian government, then perhaps Herman Cain can use it to win Iowa,? said Phil Musser, a Republican strategist who most recently worked for the short-lived presidential bid of former Minnesota governor Tim Pawlenty. ?Thus far, the traditional approach to running for president in 2012 has paid few dividends, and the old must-dos have proven to be less important milestones than expected.?

5. Lobbying against stricter drunk driving regulations?

As head of the National Restaurant Association, Cain lobbied against a national law imposing a .08 percent blood alcohol content (BAC) limit for a driving under the influence charge, Benjy Sarlin of Talking Points Memo writes:

?The problem is not the responsible drinker,? Cain wrote in one letter to the editor.? It is the alcohol-abuser who gets behind the wheel of a car. In fact, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, two-thirds of all alcohol-related fatalities are caused by drivers with a BAC of 0.15 or higher.?

Go beyond:

Find out if Herman Cain will be in your state by checking out his schedule.

Follow @TheHermanCain on Twitter.

Like your politics unscrambled - with a side of humor? Check out DCDecoder.com.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/gop/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/csm/20111017/ts_csm/416090

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Ban lifted?on student who assailed debit/student ID card

A college student, angry at what he sees as forced use of a school-branded debit card, which also doubles as college ID, gets kicked off campus after a Facebook rant. WCNC's Tony Burbeck reports.

By Bob Sullivan

A North Carolina community college student who was banned from campus after complaining about being forced to use a school-branded debit card has been reinstated.?Reversal of the decision leaves a critical question unanswered, however: Why are schools around the country forcing students to get into bad financial habits by using MasterCard-branded debit cards laden with booby-trap fees?

Catawba Valley Community College student Marc Bechtol was suspended for two semesters earlier this week after complaining about the debit card on the school's Facebook page, according to the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education.? Bechtol's Facebook complaint included a suggestion urging readers to find "good viruses" to send to the school or?register it?for porn sites.?On Oct. 4, Bechtol was pulled from class and told he was no longer allowed on campus.

After the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE) intervened, Bechtol was reinstated.?The school viewed Bechtol?s post as a threat, but FIRE argued that it was protected free speech and not a serious threat.

A letter from the school's vice president of student and technology services sent Oct. 14, and posted on FIRE's website, said the school has decided to modify its disciplinary action because Bechtol offered to publicly express his regret for his "poor choice of words."

Bechtol?complained last spring that school was forcing him to obtain a debit card issued by financial firm Higher One, and that his personal information would be shared with the company.?When he did, he said he immediately began receiving credit card spam, which directly inspired his Facebook comment.

"Did anyone else get a bunch of credit card spam in their CVCC inbox today? So, did CVCC sell our names to banks, or did Higher One? I think we should register CVCC's address with every porn site known to man. Anyone know any good viruses to send them?" he wrote, according to the letter FIRE published.?

Connecticut-based Higher One works with hundreds of schools to create combination student ID cards/debit cards that can be used for direct deposit of financial aid funds. The cards can also be used to withdraw cash or make purchases. There have been frequent complaints that the school cards carry higher fees than traditional ATM cards.?On many campuses, students are charged 50 cents for each "debit" card purchase at retail outlets in which they?enter their PIN codes for verification -- known as PIN-debit purchases, as opposed to signature-debit.?ATM withdrawals at non-Higher One cash machines cost $2.50.

The fees led to the creation of a "Ignore the Higher One Debit Card Offer? Facebook page by a parent upset by the financial arrangement.

Last year, the Portland Oregonian wrote a piece examining the "noodly" fees associated with the school debit cards in the Pacific Northwest. In response to complaints, some schools have been able to negotiate lower fees for students.

The cards offer some advantages for both students and school. Similar to debit cards used to deliver unemployment benefits or other government payments, the cards are far cheaper than mailing checks. And recipients have quicker access to the funds.

But confusion over debit-vs-credit purchases, and a $19 "abandoned account" non-use fee that hits after nine months, have irritated users.? The idea that a private firm is getting a cut of financial aid payments through debit card fees should also raise eyebrows.

But the chief concern about forcing students to use ID cards with MasterCard logos should be obvious: Why start kids down the credit/debit card route before it's necessary? And why get them used to the nickel and diming?

Follow Bob Sullivan on Facebook or Twitter.?

Source: http://redtape.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/10/14/8324390-student-banned-after-debit-cardstudent-id-card-complaint-is-reinstated

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Verizon wants to know where you go, what you look at, that's all

Verizon's got a couple of loose ends to tie up. It's nothing important, you understand, just a tweak to its privacy policy that will allow the carrier to monitor your physical movements and browsing activities. It actually did much the same thing back in 2007 to monitor phone calls. The aim, of course, is to tailor ads to your interests, while also gathering information about your habits that it can sell on to others in the form of "business and marketing reports." Oh, one more thing: VZW promises not to share any information about you "personally" and it also gives you the option to opt out. (Opt out.)

Verizon wants to know where you go, what you look at, that's all originally appeared on Engadget on Fri, 14 Oct 2011 08:14:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

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