Supervolcanoes may have shorter fuse

A doomsday volcanic eruption with the power to wipe out civilization may sound like the premise for a bad movie, but so-called supervolcanoes are far from fictional. And now scientists are warning that supervolcanoes require far less time to build up the ammunition for a cataclysmic eruption than once thought.

However, this newly discovered "short fuse" must be put in context: The buildup of a supervolcano toward eruption still may take several hundred or thousands of years.

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There are quite a few supervolcanoes around the world, from the one in Yellowstone Park to what could be a new supervolcano in Bolivia. While none of them appears primed for an eruption, understanding their behavior illuminates Earth's past and gives a better picture of the danger they pose.

Supervolcano short fuse
Previous studies indicated that supervolcanoes ? volcanoes that spew out roughly 1,000 times more material than Mount St. Helens did in 1980 ? need 100,000 to 200,000 years to build up a reservoir of magma before they can unleash a violent eruption.

Yet research published May 30 in the journal PLoS ONE suggests that these giant magma pools, typically 10 to 25 miles across, exist for only a few thousand to even just a few hundred years before a supervolcano goes off.

"Our study suggests that when these exceptionally large magma pools form, they are ephemeral and cannot exist very long without erupting," Guilherme Gualda, an assistant professor of earth and environmental sciences at Vanderbilt University, said in a statement.

Gualda and colleagues studied Bishop Tuff, a plateau in California that is essentially the remains of a supervolcano that erupted about 760,000 years ago. They used a dating technique that looked at the rate of quartz crystallization ? as opposed to a more traditional method that uses the decay of elements such as uranium and thorium in zircon crystals ? to determine the lifespan of the magma pool that sparked the massive eruption.

The study yielded compelling evidence that the magma pool may have formed in 10,000 years ? and most likely formed in as little as 500 to 3,000 years.

More scrutiny needed
Gualda said that means the world's supervolcanoes may bear closer scrutiny than they now receive. "The fact that the process of magma body formation occurs in historical time, instead of geological time, completely changes the nature of the problem," he said. [ 10 Wild Volcano Facts ]

The most recent super-eruption occurred at Taupo in New Zealand, about 26,000 years ago; the most dramatic to occur while humans walked the Earth happened 74,000 years ago, in Indonesia, when an eruption at Mount Toba rained ash all over South Asia and filled the atmosphere with so great a load of ash and small particles that it altered global weather for as long as a decade.

There are indications that the eruption took a devastating toll on the world's human population.

Follow OurAmazingPlanet for the latest in Earth science and exploration news on Twitter@OAPlanet and on Facebook.

? 2012 OurAmazingPlanet. All rights reserved. More from OurAmazingPlanet.

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Syrian opposition seeks help to defend themselves

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New deadly quake hits north Italy

29 May 2012 Last updated at 07:05 ET

Emergency services survey the damage following Tuesday's earthquake

A new earthquake has struck the Emilia region in northern Italy, killing at least 10 people and burying several others under rubble, local media say.

All the deaths were in the Modena area.

Three were killed when an industrial shed collapsed in Medolla. Three also died in San Felice, two in Mirandola and one in Cavezzo.

Tuesday's tremor, estimated at magnitude 5.8, hit the same region where a quake 10 days ago killed seven people and destroyed many buildings.

Milan and Bologna were shaken too.

Some people fled from buildings when they felt the tremor, which struck at 09:03 local time (07:03 GMT).

There have been several aftershocks since, including a large one at about midday which sent people back out into the streets, says the BBC's Mark Dizzani in Modena.

Italian media report that some buildings damaged by the larger 20 May quake have now collapsed in Mirandola, Finale Emilia, San Felice and Cavezzo. That quake measured 6.0.

Many historic buildings now lie in ruins in Cavezzo, where the roof of a church damaged by the earlier quake collapsed on Tuesday, Il Messaggero news website reports.

Calls to emergency services have overloaded the telephone network in some areas, causing a system blackout. Train services have been halted in some parts of northern Italy.

'A feeling of waves'

Office workers were evacuated in Bologna and there are reports of evacuations elsewhere too.

The quake struck 40km north of Bologna and 60km east of Parma, at a depth of 9.6km (six miles), Reuters reports. It was felt as far away as Venice, the Austrian border and Piedmont.

Chris Brewerton, living in Mantua, told the BBC that Tuesday's quake appeared stronger than the one on 20 May. Mantua is 58km (36 miles) north of Modena.

He described how "the chair starts shaking and there's a feeling of waves below me. I rush out into the garden; the shutters and garage door are banging, the ground below me swaying. It lasted about 15 seconds - it was frightening."

A Londoner living in Modena, Christopher Gilbert, said he felt "a rolling earthquake lasting around 15 seconds - people were quite frightened.

"I was having a coffee when the quake struck and felt a swaying motion so I clutched onto a bar in the cafe to steady myself. Schools and offices were evacuated," he told the BBC.

The 20 May quake destroyed many centuries-old buildings of cultural value. It was the worst to hit Italy since the L'Aquila tremor that killed nearly 300 people in 2009.

About 7,000 people who fled that quake are still living in dozens of tented camps erected in public spaces, AFP news agency reports. There have been many tremors in the region since that quake.

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Video: Markets Still Feel Drag of Greek Concerns

Even though stocks are set to break a 3-week losing streak, the dark cloud of the euro zone mess continues to loom over American markets, with John Toohey, USAA, and David Darst, Morgan Stanley.

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Miss. prison riot leaves guard dead, 8 hurt

BRANDON, Miss.?? Authorities say a riot at a privately run federal prison in southwest Mississippi that left one guard dead and five other correctional officers and three inmates injured has been brought under control.

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The riot began about 2:40 p.m. CDT and involved dozens of inmates before it was brought under control late Sunday night. Adams County Coroner James Lee confirmed that a guard died, but said he could not provide any other details until the correctional officer's family was notified.

Emilee Beach, a spokeswoman at the Adams County Correctional Center in southwest Mississippi, said the uprising involved "multiple" inmates but she wasn't sure exactly how many because the investigation was still ongoing.

She said that after the disturbance was brought under control, inmates were being searched and sent back to their cells.

Adams County Sheriff Chuck Mayfield said in a statement early Monday that there were at least two dozen hostages being held at one time. He said prison personnel have "gained total control" of the complex.

Beach said the prison, owned and operated by Corrections Corp. of America, holds illegal immigrants, most for charges of re-entering the United States after being deported.

Beach said the prison, owned and operated by Corrections Corp. of America, holds illegal immigrants, most for charges of re-entering the United States after being deported.

Injured guards taken to hospital
Beach said the prison, owned and operated by Corrections Corp. of America, holds illegal immigrants, most for charges of re-entering the United States after being deported. Beach said the disturbance was brought under control late Sunday.

The five injured guards were taken to a hospital and treated for injuries that weren't considered life-threatening.

The 2,567-bed prison houses male illegal immigrants for the Federal Bureau of Prisons. State and local law-enforcement officers were called in case they were needed for backup.

CCA spokesman Steve Owen confirmed in an email "there has been one employee death" but he said he could not provide more details immediately. CCA said in a news release earlier Sunday that "the inner compound and portions of housing units are the focus of remaining efforts to quell the disturbance."

Adams County Sheriff's Department spokeswoman Emily Ham said no inmates had escaped the facility.

Mayfield told the Natchez Democrat that 15 employees were freed at one time during the uprising by opening a fence and protecting the route with guns.

__

Associated Press writer Norman Gomlak contributed to this report from Atlanta.

Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

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