Is there anything you need that you cannot find on the web? Just try typing anything in the search box. There will always be answers to your queries. If it displays the wrong answers or if the results come in general terms, try refining your search keywords and you?ll eventually end up happy with what you will get. From needles and pins to jets and spaceships, the internet has them all.
Working on a school assignment or project and you come to a dead end? The internet will keep you moving again in a minute. Keywords may even be longish phrases or excerpts from published speeches. Even those made during the World War II years will instantly pop up to your satisfaction. Plays, poems and stories are available in e-book form or a hardbound copy may be ordered online.
Have you ever wondered how it will be like if we suddenly lose the internet? Even just losing the major websites that we use for our researches such as Wikipedia will definitely slow us down. Sure, physical libraries and similar data archives will be there to take over but we then have to leave our desks to do research.
Recent legislative initiatives in the US Congress potentially imperil the easy access to the web that we now enjoy. The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) bill introduced into the House of Representatives and the Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property Act (PROTECT IP Act or PIPA) at the Senate propose to summarily prevent access to sites that have been broadly defined to have committed infringement of intellectual property rights or of marketing counterfeit goods. What will happen to the social networking websites such as Facebook, Tumblr and Twitter that everybody now enjoys? Like YouTube, they allow user-generated materials that may violate anti-piracy laws.
In the name of protection of intellectual property rights that include movies, songs and other products of actors, filmmakers, singers and music publishers, SOPA and PIPA agitated and earned the ire of the internet world with its inconsiderate stance. It led to worldwide protests online and offline. With the proposed laws enacted, many websites which are resources for information and materials will be inaccessible for business, domestic and professional purposes. For a simple query like how to replace the battery of a mobile phone, the average citizen may have to access a ?legal? website that charges a few cents for an answer or take a subscription which may only be used once or twice a month. Would it not be absurd, at the least?
If the sizable legislative funds from the entertainment industry successfully pass SOPA and PIPA as enforceable laws, America will be well on its way to becoming the Father of Serfdom and Money-crazy from its original Father of Freedom and Democracy renown.
The Chancellor, George Osborne, has announced extra funding to develop the UK's research of the so-called "super-material" graphene.
It is one of the lightest yet strongest and most conductive materials known to man - and was originally discovered by scientists at Manchester University.
Now other universities will be asked to develop its commercial uses.
Mr Osborne said the ?21.5m investment fund would aim to take the technology from the lab to the factory floor.
He has previously pledged money for such research, including ?50m in 2011.
Graphene is made of sheets of carbon just one atom thick, and has outstanding mechanical strength and electronic properties.
Manchester University academics Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov won the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics for demonstrating its properties.
Industrial partners
It is hoped that the material will be used in a wide array of industrial and everyday applications.
The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council has identified the most promising graphene-related research projects in British universities to benefit from state funding.
The University of Cambridge has been awarded more than ?12m for research into graphene flexible electronics and opto-electronics, which could include things like touch-screens and other display devices.
London's Imperial College will receive over ?4.5m to investigate aerospace applications of graphene.
The other successful projects are based at Durham University, the University of Manchester, the University of Exeter and Royal Holloway.
The universities will be working with industrial partners including Nokia, BAE Systems, Procter & Gamble, Qinetiq, Rolls-Royce, Dyson, Sharp and Philips Research, which will together bring a further ?12m in investment.
Today I have continued to work on my annotated bibliography:
Source 2
GreatSchools Staff. ?Why Learn a Second Language?? GreatSchools. GreatSchools Inc. Web. 7 December 2012. < http://www.greatschools.org/students/academic-skills/540-learn-second-language.gs?page=all >.
Main Idea:
The main idea of this source is to draw attention to the need of learning a second language in the United States. This source speaks to the common benefits of learning a second language and the changes in the education system in terms of world languages. The sub-claims in this piece is that there are several resources for learning a second language and that, ?I took French in school, but I can?t speak it? is, ?no loner an acceptable response?(Source 2). This source talks about the several benefits of learning a second language and how anyone can benefit from this type of knowledge. It presents the idea of taking advantage of the opportunities available to people to learn a second language, saying that there are even easily accessible online resources for learning a second language.
Argument Analysis:
I believe that this is a reliable source, because although it does not formally cite any outside sources or provide a bibliography on where their information came from, this source does reference a few credibly sources such as the College Board. Though this source is from an educational website, I do think that it is in some ways objective, because the article was written by the general GreatSchools Staff, not by a specific committee or group focusing on world language education. They also increase their credibility by providing quotes and some references to support their claims. I believe that the author is qualified, because it is an educational organization arguing in favor of expanding students? education for their future benefit. I think that this source is well informed, but somewhat popular. It takes a more casual tone and would be more likely to persuade parents or open-minded teachers to side with their views on the subject.
Reflection:
I think that the information provided in this source fits in well with my information, because provides a lot of information that would be persuasive to the everyday person, such as parents, teachers, or other interested parties. Although this source is general in some areas, I think that it is easy to understand and that when combined with more scholarly sources, will provide information that can be persuasive and well understood by a larger audience.
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Ovulation can be an opportune time for getting pregnant. It is likely to improve your changes of conception. During ovulation, the female egg releases from the ovary and can undergo fertilization with male sperm. Although ovulation may not appear obviously, there are indicators which can help you in detecting ovulation. These can help in detecting ovulation and getting the most out of the opportune time.
The Significance of Detecting Ovulation
Having sex around ovulation time can increase the possibilities of conception. So if you are trying to get pregnant, knowing the accurate time of conceiving can help. On the contrary, skipping the time of ovulation may reduce the chances of conception. This can help when you do not want to conceive; however, it is not a full proof contraceptive method owing to the tricky process undergoing inside your body.
A mistake in detecting ovulation is not out of ordinary and the exactness of ovulation varies among women, or even can change with time.?Furthermore, the process of detecting ovulation involves a number of precautionary measures owing to its subtle nature. A slight deviation from the required process of detection can alter the result and serve an incorrect indicator.
Main Ways of Detecting Ovulation
The signs of ovulation can include the following three main things:
Observing the Secretions of the Vagina
Near ovulation, there can be an increase in the usual vaginal secretion. The secretion can also become thicker, like raw egg white as against the slippery one, and can stretch between fingers. The vaginal discharge can become cloudy or even disappear when ovulation has been over and chances of getting pregnant are reduced.
The mucus serves multiple purposes. During the apparently less fertile stage, the cervical mucus hinders sperm from entering the uterus. During the more fertile stage (near ovulation), the cervical mucus becomes protective and aids the sperm?s journey towards the egg. A 28-day cycle woman can have the 13th-15th days as the most fertile ones. Since every woman?s menstrual cycle can be different from the other, it is important to find your own ovulation signs and keep a record.
Alert
Although this method of detecting ovulation is considered one of the most precise among others, it is still not a definite sign of ovulation. Fertile mucus, like the thick raw egg white, can be found in women having polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). For these women, the other method (BBT) may work in detecting ovulation.?Besides, medications like antihistamines can lead to drying up of the cervical mucus making it difficult to detect ovulation.
Observing the Basal Body Temperature
The basal body temperature (BBT), or the body?s temperature at rest, can also be tracked to detect ovulation. The body?s temperature is slightly increased during ovulation and can be tracked to arrive at the opportune conception time.
A digital thermometer can be used to check temperature every morning. Continuous tracking of the BBT can indicate a pattern wherein you are possibly most fertile during the 2-3 days previous to raise in temperature.
Also Read
Understanding Ovulation and Getting Pregnant 5 Popular Methods to Predicting Ovulation How to Find When You are Ovulating Predicting Your Ovulation Dates Accurately
Alert
Although this is perhaps the most popular method of detecting ovulation, it has its limitations. This method is primarily an indicative of ovulation confirmation. A slight change, like movement before taking temperature (even leaving the bed), change in sleep patterns, etc. can alter the result.
Even sitting up may change body temperature and make results skewed. Furthermore, you should take the temperature at the exact same time every morning before you move. This method may essentially not work with every woman. Even if there is no noticeable sustained rise in temperature, it should not essentially indicate that no ovulation. Clubbing it with another method can be a better idea.
Ovulation Predictor Test Kit
Ovulation can be also detected through the over-the-counter ovulation kit. In this test, urine sample and the underlying hormonal changes can indicate ovulation. Urine is used in the test kit once a day for a week before your expected ovulation. The test strip has two lines; when the test line is darker than the control line, there is an indication of an LH surge.
The same hormone which causes fertile cervical mucus leads to LH surge. This test can be used if the cervical mucus is dried up or BBT gives indefinite outcomes.
Alert
Besides being expensive, it is also not as simple as it appears to be. The LH surge can possibly be missed and, therefore, detecting ovulation can be difficult. More than one test kit may be needed if your ovulation is irregular or to establish a comprehensive outcome.
Conclusion
The above methods can be used to detect ovulation but cannot be considered full proof. Besides the above methods, there can be some more ways of detecting ovulation like abdominal cramps and cervical positioning. However, these better serve as indicators and cannot be assumed absolutely accurate.
Useful Ways In Detecting Ovulation, 5.0 out of 5 based on 1 rating
>>>in missouri where the other winning ticket was sold, we do know who won it and now we know what they plan to do with it. so far, it looks like the money has not gone to their heads. jay gray has the story.
>>the new missouri my millionaires, the hill family.
>> reporter: they are still the same small town family.
>>it's still us. we're just normal
human beings
. we're as common as anybody. we just have a little bit more money. [ laughter ]
>> reporter: no, a lot more that they'll share with their three adult sons and their 6-year-old adopted daughter from china.
>>jayden what did you want for christmas?
>>pony.
>> reporter: security video shows cindy buying the winning ticket late wednesday.
>>it's just surreal. it's like you're in a dream.
>> reporter: but this is the new $293 million pre-tax reality for the hills who have at times been in but mostly out of work the last couple years. mark, a mechanic, did call his boss.
>>he didn't believe me. he said you're kidling. i said no. about five minutes later he called back and said really? i said yeah, really.
>> reporter: the family will create college funds, donate to charities.
>>and we're probably going to go on a vacation or two.
>> reporter: but they never plan to stray too
far from home
. this is quite literally the white picketed fence neighborhood where the hills are from, and despite the means to go anywhere in the world, they're from this community and say this is where they plan to stay. a community of less than 500 that us out of towners have been calling deerborn.
Harvard's Wyss Institute models a human disease in an organ-on-a-chipPublic release date: 7-Nov-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Kristen Kusek kristen.kusek@wyss.harvard.edu 617-432-8266 Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard
'Lung-on-a-chip' sets stage for next wave of research to replace animal testing
Researchers at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University have mimicked pulmonary edema in a microchip lined by living human cells, as reported today in the journal Science Translation Medicine. They used this "lung-on-a-chip" to study drug toxicity and identify potential new therapies to prevent this life-threatening condition.
The study offers further proof-of-concept that human "organs-on-chips" hold tremendous potential to replace traditional approaches to drug discovery and development.
"Major pharmaceutical companies spend a lot of time and a huge amount of money on cell cultures and animal testing to develop new drugs," says Donald Ingber, M.D., Ph.D., founding director of the Wyss Institute and senior author of the study, "but these methods often fail to predict the effects of these agents when they reach humans."
The lung-on-a-chip device, which the team first described only two years ago, is a crystal clear, flexible polymer about the size of a memory stick that contains hollow channels fabricated using computer microchip manufacturing techniques. Two of the channels are separated by a thin, flexible, porous membrane that on one side is lined with human lung cells from the air sac and exposed to air; human capillary blood cells are placed on the other side with medium flowing over their surface. A vacuum applied to side channels deforms this tissue-tissue interface to re-create the way human lung tissues physically expand and retract when breathing.
Wyss Technology Development Fellow Dongeun Huh, Ph.D., who also holds appointments at Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, studied a cancer chemotherapy drug called interleukin-2or IL-2 for shortin the lung-on-a-chip. A major toxic side effect of IL-2 is pulmonary edema, which is a deadly condition in which the lungs fill with fluid and blood clots.
When IL-2 was injected into the blood channel of the lung-on-a-chip, fluid leaked across the membrane and two tissue layers, reducing the volume of air in the other channel and compromising oxygen transportjust as it does in lungs of human patients when it is administered at the equivalent doses and over the same time course. Blood plasma proteins also crossed into the air channel, leading to the formation of blood clots in the air space, as they do in humans treated with IL-2.
But one result came as a surprise.
It turns out the physical act of breathing greatly enhances the effects of IL-2 in pulmonary edema --"something that clinicians and scientists never suspected before," Ingber says. When the team turned on the vacuum attached to the chip to simulate breathing, it increased fluid leakage more than three-fold when treated with the clinically relevant IL-2 dose, and the Wyss team confirmed that the same response occurs in an animal model of pulmonary edema. This result could suggest that doctors treating patients on a respirator with IL-2 should reduce the tidal volume of air being pushed into the lungs, for example, in order to minimize the negative side effects of this drug.
Most exciting for the future of drug testing was the Wyss team's finding that "this on-chip model of human pulmonary edema can be used to identify new potential therapeutic agents in vitro," Ingber says. The pulmonary edema symptoms in the lung-on-a-chip disease model could be prevented by treating the tissues with a new class of drug, a transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel blocker, under development by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). In a separate study published by the GSK team in the same issue of Science Translation Medicine, the beneficial effects of TRPV4 inhibition in reducing pulmonary edema were independently validated using animal models of pulmonary edema caused by heart failure.
"In just a little more than two years, we've gone from unveiling the initial design of the lung-on-a-chip to demonstrating its potential to model a complex human disease, which we believe provides a glimpse of what drug discovery and development might look like in the future," Ingber says.
The cross-disciplinary, multi-institutional team that was led by Ingber and Huh also included Wyss Postdoctoral Fellow Daniel Leslie, Ph.D.; Benjamin Matthews, M.D., assistant professor of pediatrics in the Vascular Biology Program at Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Wyss Institute Researcher Jacob Fraser; Samuel Jurek, a researcher at Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Senior Wyss Staff Scientist Geraldine Hamilton, Ph.D.; and Senior Scientific Investigator Kevin Thorneloe, Ph.D., and Investigator M. Allen McAlexander from GlaxoSmithKline. Ingber is also the Judah Folkman Professor of Vascular Biology at Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, and Professor of Bioengineering at Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
"Organs-on-a-chip represents a new approach to model the structure, biology, and function of human organs, as evidenced by the complex breathing action of this engineered lung. This breathing action was key to providing new insight into the etiology of pulmonary edema," said Dr. James M. Anderson, M.D., Ph.D., director of the NIH Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives that provided partial support for this research through the Common Fund's Regulatory Science program. "These results provide support for the broader use of such microsystems in studying disease pathology and hopefully for identifying new therapeutic targets."
###
The work was funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University.
For more information, contact Kristen Kusek(Kristen.kusek@wyss.harvard.edu, +1 617-432-8266).
IMAGES and VIDEO AVAILABLE
The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University uses Nature's design principles to develop bioinspired materials and devices that will transform medicine and create a more sustainable world. Working as an alliance among Harvard's Schools of Medicine, Engineering, and Arts & Sciences, and in partnership with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston University and Tufts University, the Institute crosses disciplinary and institutional barriers to engage in high-risk research that leads to transformative technological breakthroughs. By emulating Nature's principles for self-organizing and self-regulating, Wyss researchers are developing innovative new engineering solutions for healthcare, energy, architecture, robotics, and manufacturing. These technologies are translated into commercial products and therapies through collaborations with clinical investigators, corporate alliances, and new start-ups. The Wyss Institute was recently awarded the prestigious World Technology Network award for innovation in biotechnology.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Harvard's Wyss Institute models a human disease in an organ-on-a-chipPublic release date: 7-Nov-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Kristen Kusek kristen.kusek@wyss.harvard.edu 617-432-8266 Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard
'Lung-on-a-chip' sets stage for next wave of research to replace animal testing
Researchers at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University have mimicked pulmonary edema in a microchip lined by living human cells, as reported today in the journal Science Translation Medicine. They used this "lung-on-a-chip" to study drug toxicity and identify potential new therapies to prevent this life-threatening condition.
The study offers further proof-of-concept that human "organs-on-chips" hold tremendous potential to replace traditional approaches to drug discovery and development.
"Major pharmaceutical companies spend a lot of time and a huge amount of money on cell cultures and animal testing to develop new drugs," says Donald Ingber, M.D., Ph.D., founding director of the Wyss Institute and senior author of the study, "but these methods often fail to predict the effects of these agents when they reach humans."
The lung-on-a-chip device, which the team first described only two years ago, is a crystal clear, flexible polymer about the size of a memory stick that contains hollow channels fabricated using computer microchip manufacturing techniques. Two of the channels are separated by a thin, flexible, porous membrane that on one side is lined with human lung cells from the air sac and exposed to air; human capillary blood cells are placed on the other side with medium flowing over their surface. A vacuum applied to side channels deforms this tissue-tissue interface to re-create the way human lung tissues physically expand and retract when breathing.
Wyss Technology Development Fellow Dongeun Huh, Ph.D., who also holds appointments at Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, studied a cancer chemotherapy drug called interleukin-2or IL-2 for shortin the lung-on-a-chip. A major toxic side effect of IL-2 is pulmonary edema, which is a deadly condition in which the lungs fill with fluid and blood clots.
When IL-2 was injected into the blood channel of the lung-on-a-chip, fluid leaked across the membrane and two tissue layers, reducing the volume of air in the other channel and compromising oxygen transportjust as it does in lungs of human patients when it is administered at the equivalent doses and over the same time course. Blood plasma proteins also crossed into the air channel, leading to the formation of blood clots in the air space, as they do in humans treated with IL-2.
But one result came as a surprise.
It turns out the physical act of breathing greatly enhances the effects of IL-2 in pulmonary edema --"something that clinicians and scientists never suspected before," Ingber says. When the team turned on the vacuum attached to the chip to simulate breathing, it increased fluid leakage more than three-fold when treated with the clinically relevant IL-2 dose, and the Wyss team confirmed that the same response occurs in an animal model of pulmonary edema. This result could suggest that doctors treating patients on a respirator with IL-2 should reduce the tidal volume of air being pushed into the lungs, for example, in order to minimize the negative side effects of this drug.
Most exciting for the future of drug testing was the Wyss team's finding that "this on-chip model of human pulmonary edema can be used to identify new potential therapeutic agents in vitro," Ingber says. The pulmonary edema symptoms in the lung-on-a-chip disease model could be prevented by treating the tissues with a new class of drug, a transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel blocker, under development by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). In a separate study published by the GSK team in the same issue of Science Translation Medicine, the beneficial effects of TRPV4 inhibition in reducing pulmonary edema were independently validated using animal models of pulmonary edema caused by heart failure.
"In just a little more than two years, we've gone from unveiling the initial design of the lung-on-a-chip to demonstrating its potential to model a complex human disease, which we believe provides a glimpse of what drug discovery and development might look like in the future," Ingber says.
The cross-disciplinary, multi-institutional team that was led by Ingber and Huh also included Wyss Postdoctoral Fellow Daniel Leslie, Ph.D.; Benjamin Matthews, M.D., assistant professor of pediatrics in the Vascular Biology Program at Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Wyss Institute Researcher Jacob Fraser; Samuel Jurek, a researcher at Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Senior Wyss Staff Scientist Geraldine Hamilton, Ph.D.; and Senior Scientific Investigator Kevin Thorneloe, Ph.D., and Investigator M. Allen McAlexander from GlaxoSmithKline. Ingber is also the Judah Folkman Professor of Vascular Biology at Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, and Professor of Bioengineering at Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
"Organs-on-a-chip represents a new approach to model the structure, biology, and function of human organs, as evidenced by the complex breathing action of this engineered lung. This breathing action was key to providing new insight into the etiology of pulmonary edema," said Dr. James M. Anderson, M.D., Ph.D., director of the NIH Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives that provided partial support for this research through the Common Fund's Regulatory Science program. "These results provide support for the broader use of such microsystems in studying disease pathology and hopefully for identifying new therapeutic targets."
###
The work was funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University.
For more information, contact Kristen Kusek(Kristen.kusek@wyss.harvard.edu, +1 617-432-8266).
IMAGES and VIDEO AVAILABLE
The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University uses Nature's design principles to develop bioinspired materials and devices that will transform medicine and create a more sustainable world. Working as an alliance among Harvard's Schools of Medicine, Engineering, and Arts & Sciences, and in partnership with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston University and Tufts University, the Institute crosses disciplinary and institutional barriers to engage in high-risk research that leads to transformative technological breakthroughs. By emulating Nature's principles for self-organizing and self-regulating, Wyss researchers are developing innovative new engineering solutions for healthcare, energy, architecture, robotics, and manufacturing. These technologies are translated into commercial products and therapies through collaborations with clinical investigators, corporate alliances, and new start-ups. The Wyss Institute was recently awarded the prestigious World Technology Network award for innovation in biotechnology.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Ovulation can be an opportune time for getting pregnant. It is likely to improve your changes of conception. During ovulation, the female egg releases from the ovary and can undergo fertilization with male sperm. Although ovulation may not appear obviously, there are indicators which can help you in detecting ovulation. These can help in detecting ovulation and getting the most out of the opportune time.
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Public release date: 7-Nov-2012
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